• Origin and genesis: integrated frameworks for petroleum formation combining sediment occurrence, source-bed recognition, and migration constraints with molecular tracers like porphyrins, as evidenced across multiple works [3] [1] [2] [5] [7] [17].

• Petroleomics and analytical characterization: techniques such as porphyrin aggregates, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, gas chromatography across seven carbons, and total nonaromatic olefins to distinguish oil types and origins [4] [10] [15] [12] [16] [9] [17] [19].

• Sulfur chemistry in crude oil: elemental sulfur, aliphatic sulfides, and related acid-base chemistry studies using spectrophotometric and chemical analyses to map sulfur-bearing species in petroleum [8] [19] [18].

• Geological framework and reservoirs: Middle East oil-occurrence conditions and basement-rock petroleum resources informing reservoir geology and terrain-scale controls [14] [13] [20].

• Migration, differential entrapment, and system-level distribution: linking origin theories to migration and entrapment controlling oil and gas distribution across reservoirs [1] [11] [7].